Journal of Shenyang Agricultural University

A Meta-analysis of the Effects of Different Exogenous Amendments on Soil Amino Sugars in the Northeast China Black soil Region

[Objective]To reveal the effects of exogenous amendments on soil amino sugars in the Northeast Black Soil Region and quantify the relative importance of environmental drivers. [Methods]Data from 26 papers(2005-2024) were integrated. Meta-analysis was employed to quantify responses of total amino sugars, glucosamine(fungal-derived), galactosamine, and muramic acid(bacterialderived) to chemical fertilizer, manure, straw, and biochar. Subgroup analysis and random-forest models were used to identify key environmental drivers. [Results]Exogenous amendments significantly increased total amino sugars(19%), glucosamine(20%),galactosamine(16%), and muramic acid(17%). Manure showed the strongest effect, followed by straw and biochar. Chemical fertilizer alone did not significantly promote total amino sugars, glucosamine, or galactosamine, and biochar had no significant effect on muramic acid. Maximum increases in total amino sugars occurred under low mean annual temperature(≤5 ℃, 25%), long-term fertilization(>10 years, 27%), and black soil(27%). Mean annual temperature mainly regulated total amino sugars, glucosamine and muramic acid. Galactosamine was governed by fertilization duration. Soil type affected fungal-derived and total amino sugars but had only a weak influence on muramic acid. Initial soil pH and total nitrogen(TN) markedly modulated all fractions. Alkaline soils(pH>7.5) obtained the highest increments(31%-48%). Medium-fertility soils(SOC 10-20 g·kg^-1, TN 1-2 g·kg^-1) favored amino sugar synthesis. Random-forest outputs indicated that mean annual temperature was the primary driver for total amino sugars, and initial soil pH served as the core regulator for glucosamine and muramic acid, and fertilization duration was the most critical factor for galactosamine. [Conclusions]Compared with chemical fertilizer alone, organic amendments(manure, straw, biochar) facilitate microbial-residue carbon sequestration in Northeast black soils, with manure delivering the best performance. Low temperature,alkaline soil, and medium soil fertility maximize amino sugar accumulation. Mean annual temperature, soil pH, and fertilization duration represent the key driving factors.

Development of a Multi-Trait Molecular Marker System and Its Application in Sorghum Breeding

[Objective]Genotypic identification is a prerequisite for efficient breeding, and there is an urgent demand for earlymaturing and dwarf varieties in the sorghum-producing regions of Heilongjiang Province. This study aimed to establish a sorghum genotyping system based on functional markers and InDel markers to provide technical support for molecular marker-assisted breeding. [Methods]Using 24 sorghum backbone lines from Heilongjiang Province as validation materials, allelic variations were identified using molecular markers of 14 cloned functional genes. Meanwhile, the genome-wide detection system was developed based on the 35 pairs of InDel markers, which were developed based on resequencing data, as well as 40 pairs of SSR markers. [Results]Functional marker genotyping and InDel marker analysis revealed that the synergistic effect of dw3-sd7 with aa or dw1 significantly reduced plant height. All 24 lines carried mutations in the photoperiod-sensitive gene ma1, and additional mutations in ma5 and ma6 synergistically shortened the maturity period; however, some lines with the same functional genotype exhibited a difference of up to 26 days in maturity, suggesting the existence of unknown regulatory genes. The 35 pairs of InDel markers effectively distinguished sister lines with highly similar field phenotypes and compensated for gaps in marker coverage in certain chromosomal regions. [Conclusion]The combined functional marker and InDel marker system established in this study enables rapid genotyping of sorghum germplasm for traits such as plant height, maturity, and grain quality, providing a practical technical solution for parental selection, variety identification, and molecular marker-assisted breeding.

Comprehensive Analysis and Evaluation of Main Agronomic Traits of Soybean in Different Ecological Regions under Close Planting Conditions

[Objective]To clarify the response of soybean varieties from different ecological regions under dense planting conditions,reveal the mechanism of agronomic traits underlying dense planting tolerance, and further screen out soybean varieties(lines) suitable for dense planting in Liaoning Province of China. [Methods]A total of 13 agronomic traits of 22 soybean varieties(lines) from Liaoning Province were subjected to variation analysis, correlation analysis, principal component analysis(PCA) and cluster analysis.The phenotypic variation characteristics, correlation rules of each trait, and comprehensive differences among varieties(lines) were systematically clarified. [Results]Variation analysis showed that the 13 agronomic traits of 22 soybean varieties(lines) exhibited significant phenotypic differences across different experimental sites. The coefficient of variation ranged from 6.98% to 52.07% at the Faku experimental site, and from 4.69% to 85.03% at the Zhangwu experimental site. Among all traits, the number of effective branches presented the highest coefficient of variation at both sites(52.07% and 85.03%, respectively).Correlation analysis indicated that there were different degrees of positive correlations between plant phenotypic traits and yield components at the two experimental sites, including bottom pod height with pod number per plant and main stem node number; stem diameter with stem weight, grain number per plant and grain weight per plant; as well as stem weight with pod number per plant, grain number per plant, grain weight per plant and main stem node number. Positive correlations were also observed between yield components and yield per unit area,including grain number per plant with grain weight per plant and yield per unit area, and grain weight per plant with yield per unit area. An extremely significant negative correlation was detected between protein content and fat content. Based on the principle of eigenvalue >1 and cumulative contribution rate > 80%, five principal components were extracted for each experimental site via principal component analysis, with cumulative contribution rates of 80.356 1% and 83.123 6%, respectively. The first principal component was dominated by yield-related factors, which could reflect most information of the 13 agronomic traits.Cluster analysis showed that the 22 soybean materials could be divided into 5 dense planting tolerance grades at the Euclidean distance of 5.597 3,combined with the comprehensive evaluation value(D value) of each variety.[Conclusion]The results of the two experimental sites were consistent: 1 variety belonged to Grade Ⅱ(moderately dense planting tolerant), 6 varieties belonged to Grade Ⅲ(intermediate type), and 1 variety belonged to Grade Ⅴ(dense planting intolerant). Further classification based on the multi-environment D value identified 1 stable dense planting tolerant variety, 1 stable sensitive variety, and 20 environmentally sensitive varieties.

Heat-absorbing Characteristics of Solar Greenhouse and Its Quantitative Analysis Regarding Solar Radiation Utilization Efficiency

[Objective]The thermal diffusion coefficient was employed to conduct a qualitative analysis of the heat-absorbing characteristics of solar greenhouse, as well as a quantitative analysis of their utilization efficiency of solar radiation, thereby pointing out research directions to enhancing this efficiency.[Methods]At 30 m west of the greenhouse along its eastern sides, temperature sensor T_backwall and heat flow plate H_backwall were installed in the middle of the back wall; temperature sensor T_groundand heat flow plate H_groundon the ground at the midpoint of greenhouse span; temperature sensor T_airat the intersection of the vertical extension line in the middle of the back wall and the vertical extension line in the middle of the span; heat flow plate H_filmouter side of the place where the span midpoint vertical extension line intersected the film; temperature sensor T_outsideair outside the greenhouse and solar radiation sensor H_solarradiation at the top of the greenhouse ridge. By combining the changes of T_{back wall}and H_{back wall}, T_groundand H_ground, a qualitative analyses was conducted on heat absorption in the back wall and soil. Quantitative analyses were conducted on the mean integral values of fitting functions of the T_{back wall}, T_ground, T_air, and T_{outside air}; on the cumulative values of H_{back wall},H_ground, H_solarradiation; and on the temperature difference between the film and Hfilm. [Results]The heat storage of solar greenhouse was a heat-absorbing process governed by the thermal diffusion coefficient. Due to the low value of this coefficient, heat first accumulated near the surface of the back wall and close to the ground, then gradually diffused inward toward the back wall and downward into the soil. The heat storage efficiency of the back wall and soil were 21.16% and 15.63% of the solar radiation respectively, and that of solar greenhouse reached15.72% of the solar radiation. Heat storage in the back wall was primarily caused by radiation, while that in the soil was mainly due to convection heat transfer. the soil heat storage rate of the two days were 68.12% and 62.12% of that of the back wall respectively.During the experiment, the heat transfer coefficient of the plastic film was measured as 6.4 W·m^-2·℃^-1. The integrated temperature differences between the air inside and outside the film during heat-absorbing period of the two days were 2212.6 ℃ and 1559.4 ℃respectively, with the heat lost through the plastic film accounting for 31.99% and 33.95% of the solar radiation, respectively.[Conclusion]Heat storage of solar greenhouse was a process of heat absorb governed by thermal diffusion coefficient; the relatively low thermal diffusion coefficient of back wall and soil were the primary reason for the low heat storage efficiency in solar greenhouse.Reducing heat transfer coefficient of plastic films, minimizing heat loss due to ventilation, and enhancing soil heat storage capacity could improve the utilization efficiency of solar radiation in solar greenhouse.

Construction and Performance Study of Near-infrared Light-responsive Pyraclostrobin Microspheres

[Objective]Study was carried out to improve the photostability of pyraclostrobin and reduce its aquatic toxicity. [Method]In this study, modified biochar with excellent biocompatibility was used as the carrier and photothermal conversion medium,ammonium bicarbonate as the thermally sensitive trigger, and polylactic acid(PLA) as the capsule wall material, near-infrared lightresponsive pyraclostrobin sustained and controlled release microspheres(NH_4HCO₃-Pyr@NaOH-BC@PLA) are prepared. The preparation process of microspheres was optimized via single-factor experiments, and their properties, light-responsive release behavior, biological activity and environmental safety were systematically investigated. [Results]The results showed that the microspheres prepared under conditions of PLA concentration of 30 mg·mL^-1, aqueous phase ratio of NH_4HCO₃ of 11% and shear rate of 10 000 r·min^-1were spherical and monodispersed, with a D₉₀particle size of 12.88 μm. FTIR analysis verified that pyraclostrobin and ammonium bicarbonate were completely encapsulated by PLA capsule walls, and the encapsulation efficiency of pyraclostrobin reached 77.53%. TGA results revealed that the thermal decomposition temperature of pyraclostrobin in microspheres was 28 ℃ higher than that of technical pyraclostrobin, presenting enhanced thermal stability. Under 850 nm near-infrared irradiation, the photothermal conversion efficiency of microspheres reached 30.59%. Thermal equilibrium was achieved within 20 min to trigger drug release, and the cumulative release rate reached 70.04% at 48 h, realizing stimulus-responsive release of active ingredients under near-infrared light. In vitro indoor fungicidal efficacy assays indicated that the mycelial inhibition rate of microspheres was 7.50% under normal temperature and dark conditions. After photothermal excitation, the inhibition rate reached 50% within 0-2 h, and sustained-release synergistic effects were observed during 2-6 h with an inhibition rate of 58.75%, while the cumulative inhibition rate reached 62.50% at 24 h. Meanwhile, NH_4HCO₃-Pyr@NaOH-BC@PLA exhibited markedly lower toxicity than technical pyraclostrobin and aqueous suspension concentrates. The LC₅₀value against zebrafish was 1.196 mg·L^-1, belonging to moderately toxic grade. [Conclusion]This study provides a novel strategy for prolonging the efficacy duration of pyraclostrobin, reducing ecological toxicity, and achieving pesticide reduction and efficiency improvement.

Differences in Soil Water Conservation and Windbreak Effects of Sour Jujube Plantations with Different Configurations in Fuxin Region

[Objective]Taking the soils of artificial Ziziphus jujuba var.spinosa (sour jujube) plantations with different configuration patterns at the periphery of the southern margin of the Horqin Sandy Land in Fuxin,Liaoning Province as the research object,this study explored the effects of improvements in key soil physical properties on water retention and wind erosion resistance of the jujube stands,to provide a basis for screening optimal plantation configuration patterns.[Methods]Soil samples were collected from plantations with different configurations (Ziziphus jujuba var.spinosa×Vitex negundo var.heterophylla×Medicago sativa,Ziziphus jujuba var.spinosa×Vitex negundo var.heterophylla,and Ziziphus jujuba var.spinosa×Medicago sativa) in the study area,and the main soil physical properties (bulk density,moisture content,and porosity) were measured.Wind erosion resistance indicators(sediment transport rate and sand-fixing benefit) were measured within jujube stands of different configurations,and a comparative analysis was conducted to evaluate the effects of different stand configurations on soil water-holding capacity and wind erosion resistance.[Results]The results showed that jujube plantations of all configurations significantly improved soil structure,enhanced soil water retention capacity,and effectively reduced wind erosion intensity.In the 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm soil layers,all indicators were optimal under the mixed configuration of Ziziphus jujuba var.spinosa×Vitex negundo var.heterophylla×Medicago sativa.Specifically,its soil bulk density was the lowest (1.24-1.25 g·cm^-3),which was 8.87%-9.60%lower than that of bare sandy land(control,CK,1.35-1.37 g·cm^-3);its total porosity was the highest (48.16%-46.28%),which was 18.82%-16.67%higher than that of bare sandy land (40.53%-38.84%);its sediment transport rate was the lowest (0.001 5 g·cm^-2·min^-1),which was 93.53%lower than that of bare sandy land (0.023 2 g·cm^-2·min^-1);and its sand-fixing effect reached 93.47%,which was 1.33%and 5.57%higher than that of the Ziziphus jujuba var.spinosa×Vitex negundo var.heterophylla configuration (92.14%) and the Ziziphus jujuba var.spinosa×Medicago sativa configuration (87.19%),respectively.[Conclusion]The artificial jujube plantations in the study area exhibit favorable soil water retention and wind erosion resistance functions.Based on the measured results of key soil water-physical properties and wind erosion resistance of the stands,the mixed configuration of Ziziphus jujuba var.spinosa×Vitex negundo var.heterophylla×Medicago sativa was determined to be the most effective,followed by Ziziphus jujuba var.spinosa×Vitex negundo var.heterophylla and Ziziphus jujuba var.spinosa×Medicago sativa configurations.This study provides a scientific basis for soil improvement,wind erosion control,and ecological restoration at the periphery of the southern margin of the Horqin Sandy Land.

Effects of National Forest City Development on Urban Ecological Well-Being Performance

[Objective]This study investigates the effects of National Forest City(NFC) development on urban ecological well-being performance and the underlying channels, providing empirical evidence on how ecological resources can be more effectively translated into residents' well-being. [Methods]Using panel data for 271 prefecture-level cities in China from 2000 to 2022, urban ecological well-being performance was measured with a super-efficiency slacks-based measure(Super-SBM) model. A staggered difference-in-differences model was then employed to identify the policy effects, underlying channels, and heterogeneous impacts of NFC development. T [Results]NFC development increased urban ecological well-being performance by an average of 0.0469. The policy effect emerged in the third year after implementation and generally strengthened thereafter, indicating both time lag and persistence. NFC development reduced the annual mean PM_2.5 concentration by 1.234μg·m^-3, expanded per capita park green space by 0.646m² and increased the log-transformed number of green patent applications by 0.125. These findings provide empirical support for three policy channels: reducing exposure to air pollution, improving urban green-space conditions, and strengthening green technological responses. Heterogeneity analysis showed that the effects were concentrated in eastern, provincial-capital, and non-resource-based cities. [Conclusion]NFC development significantly improves urban ecological well-being performance by reducing air pollution exposure, improving ecological space, and promoting green innovation. Policy implementation should shift from expanding green space to improving ecological well-being, strengthen full-cycle governance, and provide targeted financial, technological, and public service support for central and western, non-provincial-capital, and resource-based cities.

Design and Experimentation of a High-Speed Automatic Stacking Device for Rice Seedling Trays

[Objective]In order to further improve the production efficiency of rice seedling assembly line, this study carried out the design and experiment of high-speed automatic stacking device for rice seedling. [Methods]The device consists of a rack, a seedling tray conveying mechanism, a stacking mechanism, and a control system. The device is controlled by a 200 Smart PLC as the core, and the positioning of the seedling tray is achieved through photoelectric sensors. The main and auxiliary conveyor belts are used to realize the start stop and variable speed conveying of the seedling tray, and the automatic stacking of the seedling tray is completed by combining the lifting and lowering of the electric cylinder. Based on the productivity of a 2 000 tray·h^-1 rice seedling production line, the value ranges of the main conveyor belt speed, auxiliary conveyor belt speed, and electric cylinder lifting speed were first determined through a single factor experiment. Then, a three factor three-level orthogonal experiment was conducted with the stacking success rate as the experimental indicator to determine the influence of the three factors on the stacking success rate in descending order: auxiliary conveyor belt speed, electric cylinder lifting speed, and main conveyor belt speed; Finally, the experimental results were analyzed for variance using Design Expert 13 software, and a mathematical regression model was established to evaluate the indicators and various factors. Combining response surface analysis to obtain data. [Results]The optimal homework combination is: The main conveyor belt speed is 0.438 m·s^-1, the auxiliary conveyor belt speed is 0.607 m·s^-1, and the electric cylinder lifting speed is 0.170 m·s~-¹, with a corresponding stacking success rate of 93.185%. [Conclusion]The success rate of stacking in the verification experiment was 91.27%, and the error between the experimental results and the theoretical prediction value was less than 5%, proving that the automatic stacking device has good stacking performance and meets the requirements of high-speed rice seedling production line operation.

SD-SSPs Simulation and Path Study on Coordinated Multi-system Development of Resource-Based Cities in the Yellow River "Jizi Bend"

[Objective]Resource-based cities are confronting the challenges of achieving high-quality development. Clarifying the coordinated development pathways of the "Resource-Environment-Society-Technology" complex system can reveal the interaction mechanisms among multidimensional factors， thereby providing optimal strategies for the sustainable development of resource-based cities in the Yellow River "Jizi bend" region. [Methods]This study focuses on 18 spatially clustered resource-based cities in the Yellow River "Jizi bend" region. A system dynamics model encompassing resources， environment， society， and technology was constructed， with the weights of each subsystem quantified using the entropy weight method. By coupling Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs)， five development scenarios suitable for this research were designed. The SD-SSPs model was then employed to predict the spatiotemporal differentiation of the Sustainable Development Index for these resource-based cities from 2025 to 2035.[Results] In terms of temporal evolution， during 2004–2024， the sustainable development index of resource-based cities in the Yellow River “Jizi bend” rose at an annual average rate of 8.2%， with severe subsystem contribution imbalance and lagging environmental governance. Spatially， policy responses and technological innovation have formed sustainable coordination systems in northwestern cities of the region， while eastern cities show slow green transition due to traditional resource economic dependence. Regarding development projections， SSP1 and SSP3 can increase the sustainable development index by 23%–35%. SSP4 leads to stagnated index growth due to intensified spatial differentiation， and SSP5 causes index recession due to late-stage resource overload. [Conclusion]The SD-SSPs coupled model identifies nonlinear synergistic interactions among multiple systems. The findings reveal that while the overall SDI of resource-based cities in the Yellow River "Jizi bend" region shows a significant growth trend， contributions from various subsystems remain unbalanced. Enhancing ecological and environmental governance， technological innovation， and institutional coordination can promote the sustainable development of these cities. However， it is crucial to guard against developmental decline caused by traditional path dependence and resource overload.

Soil-sickness Problem in the sustainable Development for the Protected Production of Vegetables

As the development of specialized production of vegetable crops, soil sickness has been a problem for the sustainable production of vegetable crops. Soil sickness is mainly caused by soil--borne pests, disorder of soil physical and chemical properties, and autotoxicity. The present paper discussed possible role of cropping system, biological control and grafting in the soil--borne pest control, role of organic fertilizer, desalting and reasonable fertilization in soil restoration, and the alleviation of autotoxicity by grafting, adsorption with charcoal and degradation by microbes.

Current Situation and Prospects of Green House Industry Development in China

This paper summarized comprehensively the history, current development of the green house industry and its researches. The historic significance, problems, and prospects were also analyzed. The summary was expected to provide references for determining the historic position and future developmental direction of green house industry.

Effect of Lodging Resistance on Yield and Its Relationship with Stalk Physical Characteristics

Stalk physical characteristics and tilt angle of matured plant of eighteen populations from six cultivars wereinvestigated under three conditions. The relationships between lodging resistance and yielding were also studied. TheresultS indicated that: the intensity of lodging of rice population could be grouped into three categories-lodging, slantand erect types according to the tilt angle of matured plant. Lodging resistance is significantly negatively correlatedwith the length of the first internode, and significantly positively correlated with the area of the basal stalk and withthe thickness of the hasal stalk. Difference among varieties and lodging resiStance was also found. Nitrogenapplication also had an obvious effect upon population lodging of rice. But if only yielding was considered, the highyield populations were given usually in the medium fertilization treatment. Therefore, rice resistance to the lodgingcould be improved by means of shortening length between the first and the second internode, strongtheningthe hardnes of the basal stalk, lowering the position of panicle, and elonging panicle or the neck-panicle internode.So the contradiction between lodging resiStance and plant height could be settled at a level of higher yielding.

Comparison of A New Model of Light Response of Photosynthesis with Traditional Models

Photosynthetic rates increase gradually with light intensity in the traditional models of light response curve of photosynthesis,i.e.rectangular hyperbolic model and nonrectangular hyperbolic model.So the maximum net photosynthetic rates calculated by nonrectangular hyperbolic model and rectangular hyperbolic model were far more than the measured data,and the saturation light point was not obtained.A new model of light-response of leaf net photosynthesis was proposed in this paper.Some properties of the new model of light-response of leaf net photosynthesis were discussed in detail.Results showed that the data of light-response of leaf photosynthesis of winter wheat under different environmental conditions were modeled by three models.The results fitted by nonrectangular hyperbolic model,rectangular hyperbolic model and the new model were compared.In addition,the measured data of light response of photosynthesis under different temperatures and CO2 concentrations could be dealt with,and the main parameters of photosynthesis,i.e.the maximum photosynthetic rates,saturation light point,light compensation point and the rate of dark expiration could be calculated without any hypotheses.The response data of leaf photosynthetic rate to irradiance under low irradiance and photo inhibition could be fitted by the new model.The measured data of light response of photosynthesis under different temperatures,CO2 concentrations and light intensity,including at low photon fluxes and photo inhibition could be dealt with.The fitted results were tallied with very well the measured data.So the new model has generality.

Current Situation of Remediating Techniques of Petroleum Contaminated Soil and Its Prospects

Current situations and damage of petroleum contaminated soils were summarized. Several main methods and techniques of remediating petroleum contaminated soil, application as well as advantages and disadvantages of the techniques were introduced in the paper. It points that traditional methods and techniques should combined with the bioremediation in the process cleaning the pollution, which will play the advantages of respective techniques. In the same time, the economic benefit, social benefit and environmental benefit should be considered together in treating petroleum contaminated soils.

A COMPARISON OF METHODS OF MEASUREMENT OF CHLOROPHYL IN PLANTS

Current Situation and Prospects of Green House Industry Development in China

This paper summarized comprehensively the history, current development of the green house industry and its researches. The historic significance, problems, and prospects were also analyzed. The summary was expected to provide references for determining the historic position and future developmental direction of green house industry.

Determination of Blueberry Anthocyanins through pH Differential Method

For determinieg the contents of blueberry anthocyanins more exactly,the blueberry pigments were extracted by acidic alcohol and were identified anthocyanins by UV-VIS spectra and chemical methods.The blueberry anthocyanins were quantitatively analyzed through pH differential method.The results indicated that the content of blueberry anthocyanins was 313.24mg.100g-1 and the relative standard deviation was 1.39%.The influence on measuring results by impurity in the solution was eliminated by pH differential method.

Status and Developing Prospects of Biopesticide Research and Application

Biopesticides have many advantages over the traditional chemical pesticides,being safe to human,livestock and nontarget organisms,having wonderful environmental compatibility,stable controlling effects and benefit to protect the biodiversity,and having many resources etc.Status of research and application of biopesticides were reviewed in this paper.The authors pointed out the major problems in the research and application of biopesticides.The developing prospects of biopesticides were discussed and some advices were given for biopesticide development in future.

Current Situation of Remediating Techniques of Petroleum Contaminated Soil and Its Prospects

Current situations and damage of petroleum contaminated soils were summarized. Several main methods and techniques of remediating petroleum contaminated soil, application as well as advantages and disadvantages of the techniques were introduced in the paper. It points that traditional methods and techniques should combined with the bioremediation in the process cleaning the pollution, which will play the advantages of respective techniques. In the same time, the economic benefit, social benefit and environmental benefit should be considered together in treating petroleum contaminated soils.